The Violation Of World War Three - 1255 Words

Sentences 51-100 Given the current situation of world politics, the onset of World War Three is not totally unlikely. Senator John Mccain was recently diagnosed with cancer. The Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico are filled with residual ocean water and trash from the series of hurricanes that recently hit the area. Boys at a school in the UK protested their school’s uniform by wearing skirts to school this last summer. I tried to retain the information I saw on the news because I knew we would talk about it in class. News in both entertainment and politics can be ephemeral, but both can have effects that influence the way we live for years. Both Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un having access to nuclear weapons makes me uneasy. Donald†¦show more content†¦The perpetual cycle of America’s history with hate groups never ceases to amaze and appall me. The topic of gun control has come up in many debates as we all ponder and mourn over what happened in Las Vegas this past week. The Boy and Girl Scout programs are in peril of being integrated or completely abolished. Donald Trump talked a lot about reviving the economy during the 2016 presidential race. The election of Donald Trump into office profoundly impacted America, his election and inauguration sparked the biggest protest of a new president ever; the country seems more divided now than ever. I feel that teachers should not share their political ideologies with their students because if a student has opposing political views, they often find themselves resenting that teacher and as a result putting less effort into the class then they normally would. Popcorn is one of my very favorite foods, and walking into a movie theater and smelling the pungent odor of buttery popcorn is arguably the best part of seeing a movie. My love for movies, however, has predated my love for popcorn, and I’m always excited to see what’s coming out next. I once mistakenly discarded my movie theater ticket before I could go in to see the movie. I was determined to convince the ticket person that I made an honest mistake and wasn’t trying to get into a free movie. Being as young and naive as I was, I didn’t know that there was no way I was going to convince the ticket personShow MoreRelatedThe United States International Law1217 Words   |  5 Pages The most destructive and destabilizing state crimes are wars of aggression. Under George Bush, neoconservatives ushered in a climate of unilateralism as well as militarism which stemmed from America’s lengthy experiences involving â€Å"open door† imperialism. State crimes are defined as criminal acts perpetrated by state representatives in an attempt to serve in their job’s capacity. However, some have promoted an expanded description of state crimes which includes behavior which violates internationalRead MorePros And Cons Of Bosnian Genocide1643 Words   |  7 PagesOften, there is conflict amongst states that escalates, eventually, into war. With these wars, comes death and immense devastation; devastation that takes form in many ways. The worst of them are th e human rights violations that occur, leaving behind a pain that is often rarely treated or addressed. Through the approach, transitional justice, victims of these horrible crimes against humanity have a system that allows them to seek some form of justice. Focus on the Bosnian genocide will allow forRead MoreCase Analysis : Schenck V. United States852 Words   |  4 PagesSection 3, which states when the United States is at war, people can not willingly cause or attempt to cause disloyalty and refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States. On the defendant side, Schenck argued that his First Amendment right, specifically the freedom of speech provision, was being violated. 3. The Facts of the Case: The Espionage Act was passed in 1917 as a result of the United States involvement in World War I. In the name of national security, the AmericanRead MoreThe Armenian Genocide Committed By The Ottoman Empire1579 Words   |  7 PagesEmpire against its minority Armenian population from 1915-1917 left an estimated 1.5 million dead and to date, not one individual has been tried for these egregious crimes. The mass killings of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire in World War I and Jews by the Nazis in World War II shocked the conscience of the international community and led to the creation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), in order to hold the perpetrators of crimes of this magnitudeRead MoreGenocide Essay997 Words   |  4 Pages Unfortunately, genocide and mass killings happen in many places around the world and bring destruction to thousands of people. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic killing of a lar ge group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Some genocides occur due to small, invading groups of people, or one dictator in power who dreams of a â€Å"pure† land to rule. Others occur because of a country’s own government and the people in it who wish to change the makeup of their countryRead MoreGuantanamo Bay and Human Rights Violations by the United States1536 Words   |  6 Pagesused as a refueling station for Navy ships. It was then converted into a high level detention facility to house enemy troops captured in the War on Terror campaign by Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfield. It has three main camps that house the prisoners. These prisoners of war were later referred to as enemy combatants. They were excluded from the prisoner of war statutes of the Geneva Convention because of their involvement in a foreign terrorist organization and therefore earning themselves the titleRead MoreAmerica and War1068 Words   |  5 Pages reasons to choose from in explaining their decisions to go to war. The three wars that Americans fought between the end of the 19th century and the mid point of the 20th century involved reasoning as varied as economic benefits or international tranquility. When the United States finally declared war against Spain on 25 April 1898, those in charge of making such decisions had an event with which to convince those who were unsure that war was necessary. The explosion of the USS Maine, an American battleshipRead MoreThe War For Equality During The 20th Century1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe War for Equality The first half of the Twentieth century witnessed both WWI and WWII and another war as well; the War for Equality. With a racism and persecution at a high level, racial minorities were ready to fight back. In the first half of the Twentieth century the mistreatment of racial minorities led to a War for Equality; fought on many levels with varying levels of success. The war was fierce and did not end in the first half of the Twentieth Century. Like any war the War for EqualityRead MoreViolation of Human Rights820 Words   |  3 Pageshad its own regulations and rules. However, in the beginning of World War II (What are human rights par1), an idea emerged entitled â€Å"freedom†. With it came out a document that changed the world â€Å"The Universal Declaration of Human rights.† That document contained 30 rights to which all people were entitled to, therefore to live with dignity and respect in their world (Maiese par1). However, along with those rights came their violations. Throughout the years, we can really notice the crimes done againstRead MoreRelevance Of Sovereignty And The Threat Of Terrorism Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesSovereignty Sovereignty, in its’ most traditional Westphalian view, is defined by scholars as the principal and expectation that states have legal and political supremacy –or ultimate authority–within their territorial boundaries (F.L.S. 47), but as the world continues to grow and complex, the relevance of Westphalian sovereignty is repeatedly questioned. Many factors now play into the role of sovereignty, complicating the once simplistic view. These factors include the expanding necessity of humanitarian

Telling Patients the Truth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 465 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Topics: Truth Essay Did you like this example? In On Telling Patients the Truth, Mack Lipkin claims that medical professionals are permitted to intentionally deceive their patients by withholding information from them regarding their diagnosis and/or prognosis. He proceeds to support his claim with a few different points such as patients not wanting to know their condition, patients comprehension in medicine is restricted, and the manipulation of placebos. In this paper, I will argue that Lipkins perspective on deception to patients is inadequately supported by implications and assumptions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Telling Patients the Truth" essay for you Create order I believe this hinders the relationship between the medical professional and their patients because he directly accuses the patient in many ways. Lipkin addresses that the response of patients receiving a serious prognosis and/or diagnosis by generalizing the responses of his own physician patients to the whole patient population. He is implying that since a highly educated and rational professional indicates that they would not want to be informed about a fatal illness then neither would a typical individual. This general assumption is ethically wrong because it implies that Lipkin believes that patients are better dealt with through paternalism. Every individual has the right to be informed of their medical conditions despite what the physician believes is the best for them. Lipkin supports his claim that it is morally permissible for medical professionals to tell the entire truth to their patients because most individuals who havent undergone medical school or college lack the understanding about the complexities of human physiology and pathology. This implication that Lipkin addresses ignores the possibility of the patient asking scrutinizing questions about their conditions so that they can comprehend what is truly going on within them. By the patients asking the physicians questions concerning their conditions they will develop a better understanding of their circumstances. Therefore, this would avoid misconceptions that the patient may have. Also, Lipkin mentions the use of placebos for treatment to improve the patients psychological status. He suggests that this is the best way to deal with the news of serious medical conditions to disregard negative behavior. Lipkin dismisses the fact that patients may have a healthcare proxy that can be a consultant for them so that they better understand the full context of their diagnosis and/or prognosis. By the patient having a better understanding about their medical conditions then this behavior is less likely to occur. To ensure good medical outcomes for patients, they should be informed about their medical conditions with the full truth from their physicians. The patients should always be permitted their right to manage their own medical decisions. When difficult situations arise concerning the patients health the physician should communicate with their patient in an honest practical approach. For these reasons Lipkin did not adequately justify his argument by utilizing assumptions and implications that directly criticized the patient.

Persuasive Speech On Organ Donation - 1150 Words

â€Å"Everyday, 79 people receive a transplant, but at least 20 people die waiting, because of the shortage of donated organs.† (Brazier) Due to the shortage of organs, this causes many people to go to extreme measures to save a loved one. Maybe even to the point of doing something illegal. The more we help promote and contribute to organ donation, the more lives we can save. There is a new name added to the list every 10 minutes while around 20 people die a day waiting for an organ. Organ donation is the process of surgically removing an organ or tissue from one person (the organ donor) and placing it into another person (the recipient). Transplantation is necessary because the recipient’s organ has failed or has been damaged by disease†¦show more content†¦In some cases, people are murdered for their organs. When their body is found, there are organs removed. Even though the community is willing to donate their organ, there are too few donors in the position to give. There are many factors to consider when matching people for organ transplants. Blood type, tissue type, urgency, time spent on the waiting list, and distance between the donor and recipient are some factors to whom the organ goes to. A majority of donors have died from an automobile accident, stroke, gunshot wound, or suicide. All of these result in the donor being brain dead. Being brain dead is when the patient’s brain has no signs of life while a machine keeps the body alive for organ donation. On the other hand, one does not have to be dead to be a donor, of course. There is living donating, where one can donate an organ or tissue while they’re still alive. â€Å"People of all ages should consider themselves potential donors.† (Organ Donation and Transplantation). About four out of every ten donations each year are from living donations. â€Å"The strongest supporters of organ donation tend to be women, under 65 years old and people with higher levels of education† (Brazier). Some people don’t consider transplants due to financial reasons. For example, a heart transplant ranges from $57,000-$110,000. Another reason is the risk of infection or rejection during or after a transplant. If this happens, it couldShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Organ Donation1076 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Persuasive Speech Assignment #2: Organ Donation Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to become registered organ donors. Thesis: Today I want to persuade my audience to become registered organ donors. Introduction I. To start, by a show of hands, only if you feel comfortable, how many of you are registered organ donors? II. According to organdonor.gov, â€Å"an average of 22 people die each day waiting for transplants that can t take place because of the shortage of donated organs.† Read MoreOrgan Donation : Persuasive Speech909 Words   |  4 PagesOrgan Donation Rhetorical Analysis Organ donation has been a major controversy for many years now. There are those people who favor it and the ones who do not. According to the United States Organ and Tissue Transplantation Association, organ donation is defined as tissue or organ removal from a deceased or living donor, for transplantation purposes. Tissues and organs are moved in a surgical procedure. Afterwards, they are transplanted to a recipient to ensure their recovery (Francis 2015). OrganRead MorePersuasive Speech On Organ Donation973 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome a live organ donor and donating a kidney to my husband Keisy. Nowadays the number of people in need of organ donation is constantly raising and one of the greatest ways we can help someone even save their lives is by becoming a live organ donor. Long before I have met my husband, he has been diagnosed with the end stage kidney disease. That meant his kidneys were failing and he needed a kidney transplant in a near future. His name was entered in the National Organ Donation list. MeanwhileRead MoreA Persuasive Speech On Organ Donation947 Words   |  4 Pagesname is, Lizette Vazquez, and I am here to talk to you about becoming an organ donor. Many people wait for years for organs to become available, the need for organ donors is growing. Donate and save a life. If you had a chance to save a life and or change their life, would you do it? If you answered no, to this question would your feelings change, towards organ donation if someone in your family or close to you need an organ transplant? Can you imagine, what it would feel like to get handed a deathRead MorePersuasive Speech : Organ Donation1335 Words   |  6 Pagesto make. C. My name is Morgan Silva and I am here to talk to you about organ donation, how you can become one, and the ways your family and donor recipients benefit from the donation you made. II. Body A. People often ask themselves what organ donation is and what it involves. 1. According to Medline Plus, organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another. a. All kinds of organs can be donated to save a life: the kidneys, the heart, the liver, the pancreasRead MorePersuasive Speech On Organ Donation1048 Words   |  5 Pageshigh enough. These people need organs, and it is on us to help. It takes just one of us to save as many as eight people on the list. People need to be educated on organ donation and the opportunities it creates rather than a hasty decision that is made when you apply for your driver’s license. Organ donation is an amazingly powerful and underestimated practice. I believe everyone should become more open to the idea of helping others through the donation of their organs, which would otherwise be entirelyRead MoreOrgan Donation Persuasive Speech Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagescouldn’t live without? Imagine you are lying in a hospital bed and you have no choice but to impatiently wait for that one organ you and your body are depending on to survive. Many people face this struggle every day. These people are waiting on a list for their perfect match†¦ the perfect person to be their organ donor. An organ donor is a person who has an organ, or several organs, removed in ordered to be transplanted into another person. Imagine that one of your loved ones are in the hospital†¦Read MorePersuasive Speech About Organ Donation1369 Words   |  6 Pagesan organ transplant (â€Å"Data†). These people wait patiently as death knocks on their door. In America, we can do so much to ensure that people will live on with the donations of organs. Unfortunately, many are unaware of the amount of people who are dying that are waiting for an organ. Organ donation is a great way to save someones life, and continue the life of a loved one. Although it is a great way to give someone a new life many people are uninformed about donation and how valuable organs areRead MorePersuasive Outline-Organ Donation886 Words   |  4 PagesPERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE – ORGAN DONATION Topic:  Organ donation Thesis Statement:  Becoming an organ donor after death is not only an important decision for yourself, but it is also an important decision for the life that you may have the power to save. Purpose:  To persuade my audience to consider becoming organ donors after death    Introduction: 1. Organ donation is a selfless way to give back to others, and to be able to make a huge difference by giving another person a second chanceRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline Essay examples942 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Speech Outline Topic: Organ Donation General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech my audience will consider donating their organs and tissues after death and to act upon their decision to donate. Central Idea: The need is constantly growing for organ donors and it is very simple to be an organ donor when you no longer need your organs. Introduction: How do you feel when you’re waiting for something you really really want? Or what if it’s not even

Lowering the Drinking Age Essay - 1801 Words

Lowering the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen is a good idea because it will most likely promote responsibility, alcohol consumption will be more controlled, and, if not done so, it is posing as discrimination against the eighteen to twenty age group; however, lowering the legal drinking age back to eighteen can be fatal because the brains of the eighteen to twenty year old age groups are not fully developed, binge drinking and alcohol addiction rates will go up, and the drinking and driving rates will increase. If the drinking age was lowered to eighteen years old it will promote and cause society in general to learn the responsibilities and long term effects of drinking in moderation. the eighteen to twenty years old age groups†¦show more content†¦Minimizing the age limit would allow there to be more control over how intoxicated a person is allowed to get. When the eighteen to twenty age group is prohibited to not be able to drink, even though they are considered â€Å"adults† already, it leads to drinking elsewhere. I pushes people it into places that are uncontrolled like fraternity houses. These are places the promote drinking games and excessive, rapid consumption of alcohol, which put people in danger of getting alcohol poisoning, and that can be very fatal! In public areas such as bars, clubs, and restaurants drinking has to be done more responsibly. Another beneficial reason to lower the drinking age is that the peer pressure rates are likely to decrease. If you compare the rates of influence to take a drink in a public area as to a secluded area, the rates of influence in the secluded area are going to be higher. Peer pressure can be a very dangerous thing and in areas like fraternity houses not many people will watch to prevent peer pressure from taking place. Keeping the legal drinking age at twenty-one is discriminating against the eighteen to twenty age groups. â€Å" At eighteen people can vote, hold public office, serve in the military, marry, sign contracts, buy cigarettes, and drink in most other countries† (Jamese Slade, pg. 1). Once you turn eighteen the only boundary between and eighteenShow MoreRelatedLowering the Drinking Age1523 Words   |  7 Pages According to Andrew Herman, â€Å"Each year, 14,000 die from drinking too much. 600,000 are victims of alcohol related physical assault and 17,000 are a result of drunken driving deaths, many being innocent bystanders† (470). These massive numbers bring about an important realization: alcohol is a huge issue in America today. Although the problem is evident in Americans of all ages, the biggest issue is present in young adults and teens. In fact, teens begin to feel the effects of alcohol twice asRead MoreNot Lowering the Drinking Age1642 Words   |  7 PagesBryan Blejski ENG 101-010 Ms. Abbott 28 July 2011 Not Lowering the Drinking Age Many teenage deaths in the United States are caused in some way by the influence of alcohol; however, many people still believe that the legal drinking age should be reduced to eighteen. This issue has been going on for years, but the law has not been changed since the change to twenty-one in 1980. States have become stricter about preventing under-age drinking, but teenagers have no problem getting alcohol. There areRead MoreNot Lowering The Drinking Age989 Words   |  4 PagesNot Lowering the Drinking Age There are many different views on drinking alcohol, especially underage drinking. Everyone has different views on the drinking age. Some think it should be lowered and others believe that it should be raised. Then some believe that it should remain the same at the age of twenty-one years old. Keeping the alcohol consumption age at twenty-one limits the dangers of not only those under twenty-one, but other people in the community. Lowering the drinking age will causeRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age1223 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"What we’re doing now to prevent underage drinking isn’t working; it’s time to try something else.† Although many people argue that the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1964, which lowed the drinking age from eighteen to twenty one, was a good idea. David J Hanson a professor in the State University of New York believed that something needs to be done to make the United States a safer place to live. Is it fair that people in the United States can serve in the military, vote in elections, serveRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age1576 Words   |  7 PagesComposition I April 6, 2014 Why the Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-One The United States drinking age throughout all 50 states has been the same since 1984 when a law was put in place by the U.S. Congress punishing all states who did not abide by the legal age limit of 21. Since this law was put into place, it has become one of the most widely studied laws in history. While there are many arguments and new bills being created to reduce this age, especially among college universitiesRead MoreLowering The Drinking Age1336 Words   |  6 PagesStudies show that keeping the drinking age at twenty-one improves lives. When the United States raised the age limit to twenty-one in 1985, a shortage of drinking occurred at a whopping 40% by 1991. As a result, fewer students drop out of high school, less motor accidents occur, and suicides rates dropped significantly. However, lowering the drinking age to eighteen will bring serious consequences on young adults by reversing these statistics. Lowering the drinking age will cause significant healthRead MoreLow ering The Drinking Age Of The Age981 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, there are those who remain persistent in their requests to drop the drinking age to a slightly lower option. Opposition to the legal drinking age of twenty-one has shown to have some support from mostly younger groups of people, without much validation as to why a lowered drinking age would be beneficial to our country as a whole. Yet, there are still some interesting arguments for those in favor of dropping the age at which it is legal to drink to eighteen. Consider how many young adults chooseRead MoreLowering The Legal Drinking Age903 Words   |  4 Pageshelp myself get a better understanding about how others feel about lowering the legal drinking age in the United States and to better understand what role alcohol plays in people’s lives. The first question I asked for in my survey, was what the participant’s age was. I used this question to see if there was a difference on how different generations felt towards lowering the legal drinking age. I was expecting more people over the age of 25 to take the quiz because I didn’t know if younger adults wouldRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1380 Words   |  6 PagesOnce a person reaches the age of 18, they are allowed to tattoo their bodies, smoke tobacco, gamble and even enlist if they wanted to! As an adult, they want to be treated as one but how can they feel like an adult if hanging around with their friends and drinking beer while watching TV is illegal ? Of course, that does not stop them, though. The United States is one of the few countries in which still have such a high minimum drinking age. Although most people think young adults (18-year olds) areRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1429 Words   |  6 Pagesand Thailand are others – with a minimum drinking age over 18† (Griggs, 1). When Ronald Reagan signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, its goal was to reduce less-mature adults from consuming alcohol and performing reckless acts (Cary, 1). However, despite the current drinking age, 17.5 percent of consumer spending for alcohol in 2013 was under the age of 21. It is estimated that â€Å"90 percent of underage drinking is consumed via binge drinking†¦with alcohol abuse becoming more prevalent

Leonardo Da Vinci as a pioneer in science Part Two Essay Example For Students

Leonardo Da Vinci as a pioneer in science Part Two Essay Leonardo flourished in a period of transition when mediaeval weapons were being replaced by modern fire-arms. The tremendous military value of gunpowder, after its discovery by Roger Bacon in the middle of the thirteenth century, had not quickly been perceived. Cannon were used, it is true, at the battle of Crecy, in 1346; but their general adoption can hardly be dated earlier than the last quarter of the fifteenth century, when they were used by the Spaniards in the conquest of Granada, by Louis XI. in his wars with the great French feudatories, and by the Italian mercenaries in their sordid, dilatory campaigns. So among Leonardo’s inventions we find some which were improvements on the pikes, cross-bows, and catapults of the earlier system, and others which, adapted to the use of gunpowder, extended the scope of the new system. He designed a huge machine, to be worked by ten men in treadmill fashion, from which a large and almost simultaneous volley of shafts could be dischar ged—a forerunner of the Gatling gun and the mitrailleuse. He also planned great catapults, and an enormous copper cannon, which he called Architonitros, to be exploded by steam. He  ascertained that cannon-balls have a velocity of one hundred and ten metres per second, and that it is useless to increase the charge of powder, unless the size of the grain be increased. He experi- mented with fusees ; he devised methods for strengthening fortifications by artillery, and for making ravelins, mines, and storming machines. Just how far he advanced the art of fortification cannot be determined, for we cannot tell how much Vauban invented him- self, and how much he borrowed from the Italian military engineers who preceded him, among whom Leonardo stands foremost. The very important principle of clearance fire, often credited to the Frenchman, appears to have been understood by his Florentine predecessor. Certainly, Leonardo made drawings of what are apparently breech-loading guns. He computed the relative speed and efficacy of stone and lead balls, and suggested that they be conical instead of round. In marine warfare and in navigation he designed improvements. He mentions the log for showing a ship’s progress at sea ; hitherto, the earliest reference to the log was made by Magellan in 1521. He invented swimming-belts, and, more important still, paddle-wheels by which boats might be propelled against wind or current. A century before Stevinus, Leonardo pointed out the need of a rational treatment of mechanical problems ; possibly he suspected the uniformity of mechanical laws. He found the centre of gravity of a pyramid ; he explained the theory of the inclined plane ; he studied the phenomena of concussion, of friction, of the resistance of springs. He invented a dynamometer. Some of his axioms deserve to be cited, for comparison with those now held to be true : â€Å"Percussion,† he says, â€Å"is power reduced into a little time,† and â€Å"exceeds, in equal time, every other natural force†; â€Å"An object which falls freely, acquires in every degree of its descent degrees of velocity;’’ â€Å"A man walking goes faster with his head than with his feet â€Å"That body will become lighter which occupies more air ;† â€Å" No dead object moves by itself, but by another is its motion caused ;† â€Å" No moving object will ever move faster than t he force which moves it;† â€Å"Every action is the result of motion.† In his experiments he used elastic balls suspended by threads, a device  adopted by Borelli and later physicists. He was aware that a body can be under the influence of more than one motive force at the same time. In his researches in attrition and friction he anticipated L’Amoutons (1699), Bulfinger (1727), and Desaguliers (1832). Although his notes on this subject are scanty we infer that he gave attention to electricity. According to Libri,* he first remarked the regular movement of dust placed on elastic surfaces in vibra- tion. Like the inventors of our own times, he aimed at substituting a machine for a man, wherever this substitution would save labor. That he was the first to employ the plus and minus symbols, is an assertion I am unable to verify. Coming next to botany we find that Leonardo’s priority in several important discoveries has been recently established. G. UzielliJ traces the advance he made in three directions, as follows : First, Leonardo discovered the laws of phyllotaxis, or the arrangement of leaves on their stem. He was the first to observe that the order of growth in plants and trees of the same species is uniform, and that their leaves have three different modes of distribution : they may be placed opposite to each other; they may be whorled, or verticillate ; they may be alternate, or spiral. He demonstrated that when leaves grow in pairs they have generally a decussate arrangement, that is, each pair is at right angles to the pair di- rectly above or below it ; and he also showed that when leaves are verticillate, those in one whorl are seldom in a direct line with the whorls above and below. He noted that the quincuncial form is common in the spiral arrangement, the cycle being completed by five le aves, and the sixth leaf being in a direct line with the corresponding leaf above and beneath. â€Å" Since branches grow from buds generated in the axils of leaves,† he said, â€Å"the arrangement of branches on the trunk necessarily corresponds to that of the leaves on the stem.† To Sir Thomas Browne, whose book, â€Å"The Garden  Cyrus, or the Quincuncial Lozenge,† was printed in 1658, the merit of this observation has been hitherto attributed. Second, Leonardo discovered that the age of exogenous trees can be determined from the structure of their trunks. He writes : â€Å"The southern part of the plant shows more vigor and youth than the northern. The rings of the branches of trees show how many years they have lived, and their greater or smaller size whether they were damper or drier. They also show the direction in which they were turned, because they are larger on the north side than on the south, and for this reason the centre of the tree is nearer the bark on the south than on the north side.† Malpighi and Grew (whose works appeared in 1675 and 1682 respectively) have heretofore enjoyed the honor of this discovery. But Montaigne mentions (in his â€Å"Journey into Italy,† July 8, 1581) that at Pisa he bought severalcuriosities, and that â€Å"the person of whom I bought these things, a man of great note as a mathematical instrument maker, told me that trees have all within them as many rings and circle s as they number years. He showed me examples of this in every kind of wood in his shop, for he is a turner by trade. Those trees in a forest which look northwards have these rings closer and thicker than the trees which stand in other directions; and this person told me that this was so invariably the case that by looking at a piece of timber, he could tell how old the tree was, whence it came, and in what direction it had stood.† Montaigne’s â€Å"Journal† was recovered only towards the end of the eighteenth century, so that Malpighi and Grew could not have borrowed from it, but it seems probable that the facts he mentions as having been disclosed to him by the Pisan turner, may have been generally known in the seventeenth century. Third, Leonardo investigated the process of growth in exogenous stems by the formation of new wood on the bark, a process he describes thus: â€Å"The growth in the size of plants is produced by the sap, which is generated in the month of April between the outside coating {camisid) and the wood of the tree. At the same time this outside coating beco mes converted into bark, and the bark acquires new crevices of the depth of ordinary crevices.† This explanation is, I believe, no longer accepted by botanists ; but, though  Leonardos conclusion was inaccurate, his researches must have contributed to the discovery of the truth. He made many drawings of leaves, which for exactness and beauty have never been surpassed. * He also pursued other, more fanciful, experiments, as, for instance, one for testing the effects of poison on trees, by boring a hole in the trunk and injecting arsenic, or sublimate, in alcohol. And he described how an impression of leaves may be had by smearing them with white lead, oil, and lamp-black—as ink is spread on the types — and stamping them on paper: a process which, somewhat modi- fied, has recently been used with success by Hauer and others. That he was a close observer of outward nature, his paintings and drawings of landscape abundantly testify; but he went deeper than the surface, and foresaw more than one vital fact which geologists have since established. Fossils, he maintained, are the remains of plants and animals of a bygone age, and not, as was commonly asserted by his contemporaries, mere â€Å"freaks of nature.† When fossil shells were still in the sea, he affirmed, river-mud near the coast had penetrated into them. â€Å"They tell us that these shells were formed in the hills by the influence of the stars; but I ask, where in the hills are the stars now forming shells of distinct ages and species? and how can the stars explain the origin of gravel, occurring at different heights and composed of pebbles rounded as if by the motion of running water; or in what manner can such a cause ac- count for the petrifaction in the same place of various leaves, seaweeds, and marine crabs ?† In thus proclaimi ng the continuity of geological causes, Leonardo proves his kinship with the masters of modern science. He attributed the denudation of mountain peaks to the gradual subsidence of water, and saw that the direction of a falling body must be affected by the rotation of the earth—an observation which probably explains the following memorandum : â€Å"Write to Bartholomew the Turk about the ebb and flow of the Pontic Sea, and to find out whether a similar phenomenon exits in the Hyrcan, or Caspian Sea.† He held that valleys are the beds of former rivers. His observations of the moon are even more interesting. He it was who, long before Kepler and Galileo, demonstrated that the faint light which we see on the new moon is reflected from the earth.* Kepler, in 1596, and Galileo, a few years previous, pub- lished their explanation of this phenomenon. Leonardo believed that the solar light is radiated to the moon from those parts of the earth where there is most water: â€Å"The water which clothes a large portion of the earth receives on its surface the image of the sun, and with this shines upon the universe and becomes a star with the same splendor which makes us see the other stars.† He also stated that â€Å" the moon has each month a winter and a summer, and has greater heat and cold, and her equinoxes are colder than ours.† To a lunar inhabitant, he said, the earth performs an office like that which the moon performs for us by night. Although the Ptolemaic system still commonly obtained—the terrestrial explorations of Columbus, and the celestial explorations of Copernicus having as yet aroused the suspicion in only a few alert minds that Ptolemy’s doctrine rested on a fallacy—Leonardo maintained that the earth is round, and showed that at a distance of fourteen miles at sea, a man’s body is hidden, owing to the earth’s curving surface ; the distance is incor- rect, but the fact of sphericity has long been undisputed. Still more daring appears his assertion that â€Å"the earth is not situated in the middle of the sun’s orbit, still less at the centre of the universe,† when we remember that the Church persecuted more than one man of science for hazarding this assertion, and that even to-day, the majority of otherwise intelligent persons, are unwilling to r elinquish the flattering tradition which ascribes pre-eminent importance to our planet, and to ourselves as its inhabitants. Computer Science As A Career EssayBy studying echoes he concluded that sound requires a constant time to traverse a given distance. â€Å"It is possible to know by the ear the distance of thunder,† he said, â€Å"if we have first seen the lightning, by analogy with the echo.† He recognised that the action of wind interferes with the velocity of sound. Here is one of his experiments : â€Å"A blow given to a bell corresponds with and will communicate motion to an- other and similar bell; the string of a lute being struck will reply and give motion to a string of similar tone in another lute; and this can be rendered visible by placing a straw upon the string of the second lute.† Of another acoustical problem he said : â€Å" Is the sound in the hammer or in the anvil ? I say : seeing that the anvil is not sus- pended it cannot resound ; but the hammer resounds from the leap it makes just after the blow; and were the anvil to resound . just as a bell, no matter by what material it be struck, yields the same depth of tone, so would the anvil, struck by no matter what hammer. If, therefore, you hear various sounds from hammers of various sizes, the sound proceeds from the hammer and not from the anvil.† Among what we may call the vagaries of Leonardo’s scientific and inventive curiosity, we may mention designs for flying-ships, flying-men, and aerial chairs: but, should the secret of flight ever be discovered, and adapted to general use, it may turn out that his experiments were not so fantastic as they now appear. So, too, of his proposition to walk with wooden shoes on the water. In his youth he was fascinated by that chimera—perpetual motion—which still had a potent charm for investigators. But experience taught him wisdom and he called â€Å"sophistical† the arguments of those who were deluded as he had been. â€Å"It is impossible,† he said, â€Å"to create by any instrument a movement of water from below to above, by means of the descent of which it shall be possible to raise a sim- ilar weight of water to the height from which this descended.† When we remember that four hundred years ago alchemy had not developed into the science of chemistry, nor astrology into astronomy, and that fact and superstition had parted company in but few minds, we shall realise more adequately the vigorous independence of Leonardo, who boldly cast off authority, and chose reason and nature as his guides. He not only called â€Å"sophistical† the attempt to demonstrate perpetual motion, and ridiculed those who wasted their time in trying to square the circle, but he also denounced alchemists as â€Å"liars.† He, too, turned his insatiable curiosity to fantastic experiments, in order to make sure that he had overlooked no possible entrance into the mystery of the universe ; but here, as elsewhere, he was deceived by no hallucinations, and accepted or rejected the products of his researches according to the sole standard of reason. He insists, in his â€Å"Treatise on Painting,† on the infallibility of nature, â€Å"the mistr ess of masters.† â€Å"A pain- ter,† he says, â€Å"ought never to imitate the manner of any other ; because in that case he cannot be called the child, but the grandchild, of nature. It is always better to have recourse to nature, who is re- plete with just abundance of objects, than to the productions of other masters, who learnt everything from her. To her, therefore, he went in quest of scientific truth. He practised, a century before  Bacon, that inductive method which now obtains among all men of science. He preached the need of experiments. â€Å"Experience never deceives, but our judgments are deceived,† is one of his maxims. â€Å" If then you ask me,† he says, â€Å" ‘What fruit do your rules yield, or for what are they good?’ I reply that they bridle investigators, and prevent them from promising impossibilities to themselves and others, and from being rated as fools or cheats.† Four hundred years ago Leonardo rebuked spi ritualistic frauds in this calm fashion : â€Å" There cannot be a voice where there is not motion and percussion of air : there cannot be a percussion of this air where there is no instrument; there can be no incorporeal instru- ment. This being so, a spirit can have neither voice, nor form, nor force, and if it takes body, it cannot penetrate nor enter where the doors are locked. And if any one should say through air collected and packed together spirit takes bodies of various forms, and through that means speaks and moves forcibly, to him I reply that where there are not nerves and bones force cannot be exercised in any motion caused by the pretended spirits.† Such is the epitome of Leonardo’s discoveries—an epitome compiled almost wholly from the reports of those who have edited one volume alone of his autograph memoranda. A strange fatality has followed those manuscripts of his. At his death, he bequeathed them to his pupil Francesco Melzi, who took them back from France to Milan. There they were soon scattered, and no one could deci- pher them ; for Leonardo wrote backwards, from right to left. It was supposed that he used a secret script, and for three hundred years nobody succeeded in reading it. When Napoleon invaded Italy he carried fourteen of these folio volumes to Paris, where they still remain. Others, including many drawings, are in England. One volume, the so-called â€Å"Codice Atlantico,† is preserved at Mi- lan ; it alone has been carefully studied, and in part transcribed and photographed. What rich ore lies buried in the thousands of pages still unedited, may be inferred from what has already been bro ught to light. To the accident of handwriting is due the long ignorance of the world of Leonardo’s attainments in science and discovery. Generations of investigators, unaware of his work, gradually explored the fields which he had traversed, and when at length his memoranda were deciphered, science had in many directions passed beyond him. Later men had the credit of his forgotten discoveries. But the inventory of those discoveries suffices to establish his claim to rank among the supreme men of science of all time. Whatever may be the relative worth of any one of his investigations, there can be no dispute as to the absolute quality of his mind. His methods are the methods of experiment and observation by which man advances victoriously into the mystery which wraps him round. Leonardo’s contemporaries were unprepared to appreciate his scientific accomplishment. Even recent critics have deplored that one who had only four or five peers in art should waste his time in scientific inquiries. He lived so near to the mediaeval superstition that his insight was mistaken for wizardry, and his researches into the properties of matter seemed whimsical or perverse. Doubtless, the incompleteness and multitude of his investigations hindered other men from understanding their importance. He did not publish his discoveries ; he did not even arrange them in formal order for demonstration. Those many thick volumes are but note-books in which he jotted down day by day the experiments he was making, or the conclusions and axioms he had reached, in many subjects. At the outset, he probably intended to collect and classify these vari- ous memoranda in separate treatises, but the revelations came so fast that he had barely time to record them. Had Adam been created at night, imagine with what astonish- ment he must have beheld the first faint dappling of dawn ! How his wonder must have grown as the East became rosy, and the sun rolled above the horizon, and from some unseen source light was poured through the heavens and flooded the earth ! Forms and then colors emerged from the darkness; sounds—of birds, of lisping foliage, the hum of insects, the ripple of brook, or quieter lapping of stream-emerged from the silence. With what delight, with what unworn curiosity must Adam have wandered amid this pageant and listened to this music: everything a miracle, untarnished by the  touch of any yesterdays ; himself unconscious of time or bound, the personification of instant and immeasurable wonder. To Leonardo the world unfolded itself in almost equal fresh- ness, as it would to all of us if custom did not dull our perception. It was, indeed, a new world ! The mediaeval has looked and seen only the handiwork of Satan,—a chaos from which issued spasmodic miracles and caprice—a prison, in which the soul was detained for a few mortal years before it flew heavenwards. Leonardo looked upon this world and saw in it a divine creation, a cosmos of law, a home every nook of which had revelations for the soul. Like the Scandinavian god who could hear the grass grow, his senses were preternaturally keen. He penetrated the cuticle of things ; nature lay transparent to his gaze. He saw the ebb-and-flow of cause and effect. In the least phenomenon he discerned the principle linking it to a class ; in every object, in every creature he beheld the end of a clew which led back and up to the infinite. Thus almost at the beginning of the new age, he was the man whom Nature took into her confidence. To him she granted an apocalyptic vision of her secrets. Subsequent investigators have gone farther. Every acre of the domain of science whose hither boundaries he explored, is now occupied by a specialist. But none has surpassed him in the highest qualities of a man of science—patience to analyse special facts without prejudice, and power to deduce general laws after having accumulated sufficient information. His were the qualities and the methods by which alone mankind are slowly rationalising the world in which we live. Less than any other man who died before our century would he be surprised at the advance in science and at the mechanical inventions of which we boast; for he had, what many men think they have, but have not, a vivid sense of the infinitude of the natural world and of the incalculable possibilities of human achievement. â€Å" What is that,† he asks, â€Å"which does not give itself to human comprehension, and which, if it did, would not exist? It is the infinite, which, if it could so give itself, would b e done and ended.

John Steinbecks East of Eden Religious Referenc Essay Example For Students

John Steinbecks East of Eden Religious Referenc Essay es East Eden EssaysReligious References in East of Eden Religion constantly appears throughout Steinbecks East of Eden. Among these religious appearances are the similarities between the Cain and Abel story and the characters, the Hebrew word timshel, and the presence of God/Fate in the novel. First, East of Eden is a reenactment of the Cain and Abel tale. Many similarities are seen between the two. The title East of Eden comes from the biblical tale when Cain went out from the presence of the Lord and dwelt in the land of Nod on the east of Eden (Steinbeck 352). The relationship between Abel and Cain, who killed Abel, is similar to those of Adam and Charles, who once tried to kill Adam, and Aron and Caleb, who informed Aron of their mothers profession, an act which led to Arons death in World War I. Charles and Caleb fight for their fathers affections in the same way in which Cain fought with Abel over the Lords attention. Also in the novel, the Cain characters are identified by names beginning with C (Cyrus, Charles, Cathy, Caleb) and the Abel characters with A (Alice, Adam, Aron, Abra) (Lisca 269). Next is the word timshel thou mayest a Hebrew word spoken to Cain by the Lord: if thou doest not well, sin lieth at the door. And unto thee shall be his desire, and thou shalt rule over him (Steinbeck 351). Lee discovers that the verb in this passage has been translated as both thou shalt rule over evil and do thou rule over evil.With the help of his Chinese elders and a Jewish Rabbi, Lee determines that the original meaning is thou mayest the word timshel gives a choice (398) or free will to mankind to commit good or evil acts. This word appears often in the novel and is important at the very end where Adams final timshel blesses and forgives Caleb and reminds him that even after his murder of his brother he can still choose his course and fight it through and win, meaning Caleb still has the chance to overcome the tendency for evil which he believes he has inherited form his mother. (Gribben 96) One of the novels epiphanies is Lees translation of timshel to thou mayest. This translation puts choice into mans destiny. According to this view, we are not condemned; we have a choice between good and evil. It is a very liberating concept as Lee and Samuel discover. Lees translation of timshel as thou mayest, gives people hope that everyone is not corrupted because they are descended from Adam and Eve. Timshel explains that everyone has a choice to be either good or evil. There are many lengthy descriptions of the land which describe nature, created by God, in its harshness and its beauty. Especially in Salinas Valley is the whim of God/Fate seen when the fruitful and prosperous seasons turn into desolate periods in which the water dries up, vegetation dies, and animals starve. Then there is Samuel Hamiltons wife Liza, who has a dour Presbyterian mind and a code of morals that beat the brains out of nearly everything pleasant do to (St einbeck 11). She strongly believes in God and reads the Bible every night, her belief in God and Heaven so unyielding that she thinks everything she does in life is just a stage on the way to Heaven (384). Through references to religion, Steinbeck draws similarities between Cain and Abel and his own characters, puts a powerful impact in the final scene with the word timshel, and stresses the power of God/Fate over the existence of everyone. .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 , .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .postImageUrl , .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 , .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32:hover , .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32:visited , .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32:active { border:0!important; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32:active , .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32 .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff9b3c9ca750c9573441907e5c117f32:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kiss the sky Essay